Брюшнотифозные вакцины. История создания и современные вакцинные препараты

Брюшной тиф — острое инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое возбудителем Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica серотип Typhi (S. Typhi), по-прежнему является одной из основных причин заболеваемости населения в эндемичных экономически средне- и слаборазвитых странах Азии и Африки. Индустриальные страны могут быть подвержены вспышкам брюшного тифа ввиду стремительно развивающегося международного туризма, а также стихийных бедствий. В условиях прогрессирующей резистентности S. Typhi к антимикробным препаратам, высокой эпидемиологической нагрузки и невозможности обеспечения удовлетворительных санитарно-гигиенических условий в ряде регионов, наряду с внедрением новых протоколов лечения заболевания, актуальной задачей мирового здравоохранения является развитие вакцинопрофилактики брюшного тифа. Цель работы — освещение основных аспектов истории создания брюшнотифозных вакцин, систематизация данных о лицензированных вакцинных препаратах и перспективных направлениях разработки новых вакцин. В статье описана эпидемиологическая картина брюшного тифа в мире и в Российской Федерации. Изложен мировой опыт создания вакцинных препаратов от момента получения убитой брюшнотифозной вакцины до этапа производства конъюгированных вакцин. Приведена информация об отечественных и зарубежных вакцинах, представленных на мировом фармацевтическом рынке. Обозначены основные тенденции в сфере разработки вакцинных препаратов против заболевания, вызываемого S. Typhi. Сделан вывод о необходимости повышения эффективности ранее разработанных вакцин, а также создания новых, комбинированных вакцинных препаратов против брюшного тифа.

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