Вспышка нового инфекционного заболевания COVID-19: β-коронавирусы как угроза глобальному здравоохранению

Коронавирусы являются самой большой группой из известных РНК-положительных вирусов. Коронавирусная инфекция способна поражать различные виды животных, а также человека. За последние два десятилетия коронавирусы явились причиной эпидемических вспышек двух респираторных заболеваний: ближневосточного респираторного синдрома и тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома. В конце 2019 г. в Китае был выявлен новый вид вируса, способный передаваться от человека к человеку, вызвавший вспышку вирусной пневмонии. Появление нового коронавируса подтверждает, что заболевания, вызываемые данной группой вирусов, являются угрозой для мирового здравоохранения в связи с возможностью возникновения пандемии и нуждаются в тщательном мониторинге. Цель работы – обзор текущей эпидемической ситуации по новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, вызываемой вирусом SARS-CoV-2, с учетом предыдущих вспышек инфекций, вызванных β-коронавирусами MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV, как представляющих наибольшую опасность для человека. В обзоре кратко описаны две эпидемические вспышки, вызванные вирусами SARS-CoV (2002–2004 гг.) и MERS-CoV (2012 г. – настоящее время), представлена текущая эпидемическая ситуация, связанная с новым коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2, изложены основные ограничительные мероприятия, предпринимаемые для недопущения распространения инфекции в России. Рассмотрены аспекты возможной специфической терапии и разработки профилактических вакцинных препаратов против новой коронавирусной инфекции. Сделан вывод о возможном пандемическом потенциале вируса SARS-CoV-2 и высокой вероятности возникновения в будущем вспышек инфекций, вызванных новыми штаммами β-коронавирусов. Указано на необходимость осуществления тщательного мониторинга заболевания и проведения превентивных противоэпидемических мероприятий для сдерживания распространения инфекции.

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